With this weather, the main thing is water. Check often, and water enough that the soil is damp below the surface. It's okay if just the very surface is dry. With containers, you probably have to water every day right now. The ground probably only needs to be watered every other day. You will need to water less if the spot is less exposed, or if you have covered the soil (see the note about mulching below) - or if the weather cools down a lot, or it actually rains, both of which are possibilities in the forecast.
When you water, water twice. Ideally your plants are in a bit of a shallow bowl or trough in the soil, so that when you pour, you can make a little pool. Then when the pool has drained, repeat again. The pool of water creates some pressure to push the water down deeper into the soil. That zone is more protected, and roots will grow into that zone and have access to a more stable moisture level. Even shallow-rooted plant types will grow at least 6 inches down. (Deep rooted plants grow much further, sometimes metres down.)
Also, if your plants are large enough (at least 4 inches tall), you can "mulch", which nowadays means any way of covering the soil. In hot weather you want something that will protect the soil from direct heat of the sun, and so reduce moisture loss by evaporation. Straw and compost are both good hot weather mulches. Spread them out so there's an insulating layer over the soil.
One drawback of mulches is that they protect slugs and snails, so if you know you have a lot of those, you might want to wait until plants are larger (at which point the slugs and snails don't cause much harm).
Although this drought means more watering, it does help control the weeds, which certainly also need water. Still, you probably have weeds to pull out now too, unless you are growing in containers, in which case possibly no weeds have found your plot yet.
Friday, May 25, 2012
Saturday, May 19, 2012
Planting Time for Warm Weather Crops
The weather is perfect to plant warm weather
crops. On our shortlist, that's beans, tomatoes, basil, and nasturtiums.
Beans
If you are planting beans, it's much, much better to soak beans overnight or even for 24 hours before you plant them, since they will germinate much faster that way. (If you are really, really in a rush, I think you can just plant them without soaking, but make sure to keep the soil quite wet, or they won't sprout for a long time.)
Beans are simple to plant. Check out the spring greens planting instructions. On the seed package, it will say how deep to plant your variety of beans, but they usually should be 1 or 2 centimeters deep, depending on the size of the bean.
The others warm-weather vegetables on this list: tomatoes, basil, and nasturtiums, are usually planted as seedlings rather than as seed. In principal, they can be grown from seed in the garden now, too. If you do that, you should know that they may take a while to sprout, and also they are quite slow growing at first and often get eaten by slugs, snails, or other critters when they are tiny. So you should plant a few extra seeds in place and then thin out later. The harvest will be later. For tomatoes, in particular you're probably much better off with seedlings.
Transplanting Seedlings
Dig a hole that fits the little pot your seedling is in, but is deeper.
Add some compost (if you didn't already prepare the soil with compost this year), and try to loosen and mix the dirt that will be surrounding and underneath your seedling. This makes it easier for the seedling to grow its roots, which will be quite deep and wide in most cases.
Carefully remove the seedling from the pot, with as little stress on any part of the plant as you can manage. It often helps to tear the thin plastic of a nursery pot away from the earth and roots in the pot. You are trying to disturb its roots as little as possible, since the roots are very fragile. The actual root hairs that absorb water are microscopic. The more you damage those, the less water and nutrients the seedling will get after planting, until it can regrow them.
Stressing the seedling and its roots as little as possible, lower the roots into the hole with one hand, and use the other to fill in earth beneath it and around it. Press down gently to firm up the earth it's now planted in.
Ideally, the plant ends up in a very slight depression, making it easy to water. Water by filling the depression with a cup or so of water, so you can see that as the water soaks in, the earth surrounding the seedling is well wetted, but not soupy.
For most plants, you should take care when transplanting not to add any extra earth around the stem of the seedling, which might rot it. Tomatoes are an exception to this. For tomatoes, deliberately plant them deeper when you transplant them, as deep as the first set of leaves. They will grow additional roots from the submerged part of the stem, making for a stronger, healthier tomato plant later.
You should make sure that the transplanted seedlings have slightly moist soil at all times for at least a few days, while they regenerate their roots. Looking at the weather forecast, that probably means you will need to water them every few days for a while. Check by poking beneath the surface. The surface may look dry, but if it's damp underneath that's okay. If it's almost dry underneath, you should water more.
As the plant gets growing, you should stop watering so frequently. The plant will grow a stronger root system if you water deeply every week or so (unless it's rained and you don't need to water). Watering deeply means you keep supplying water (pour water into the depression or trench around the plants a few times) until it's seeped well down into the soil.
Beans
If you are planting beans, it's much, much better to soak beans overnight or even for 24 hours before you plant them, since they will germinate much faster that way. (If you are really, really in a rush, I think you can just plant them without soaking, but make sure to keep the soil quite wet, or they won't sprout for a long time.)
Beans are simple to plant. Check out the spring greens planting instructions. On the seed package, it will say how deep to plant your variety of beans, but they usually should be 1 or 2 centimeters deep, depending on the size of the bean.
The others warm-weather vegetables on this list: tomatoes, basil, and nasturtiums, are usually planted as seedlings rather than as seed. In principal, they can be grown from seed in the garden now, too. If you do that, you should know that they may take a while to sprout, and also they are quite slow growing at first and often get eaten by slugs, snails, or other critters when they are tiny. So you should plant a few extra seeds in place and then thin out later. The harvest will be later. For tomatoes, in particular you're probably much better off with seedlings.
Transplanting Seedlings
Dig a hole that fits the little pot your seedling is in, but is deeper.
Add some compost (if you didn't already prepare the soil with compost this year), and try to loosen and mix the dirt that will be surrounding and underneath your seedling. This makes it easier for the seedling to grow its roots, which will be quite deep and wide in most cases.
Carefully remove the seedling from the pot, with as little stress on any part of the plant as you can manage. It often helps to tear the thin plastic of a nursery pot away from the earth and roots in the pot. You are trying to disturb its roots as little as possible, since the roots are very fragile. The actual root hairs that absorb water are microscopic. The more you damage those, the less water and nutrients the seedling will get after planting, until it can regrow them.
Stressing the seedling and its roots as little as possible, lower the roots into the hole with one hand, and use the other to fill in earth beneath it and around it. Press down gently to firm up the earth it's now planted in.
Ideally, the plant ends up in a very slight depression, making it easy to water. Water by filling the depression with a cup or so of water, so you can see that as the water soaks in, the earth surrounding the seedling is well wetted, but not soupy.
For most plants, you should take care when transplanting not to add any extra earth around the stem of the seedling, which might rot it. Tomatoes are an exception to this. For tomatoes, deliberately plant them deeper when you transplant them, as deep as the first set of leaves. They will grow additional roots from the submerged part of the stem, making for a stronger, healthier tomato plant later.
You should make sure that the transplanted seedlings have slightly moist soil at all times for at least a few days, while they regenerate their roots. Looking at the weather forecast, that probably means you will need to water them every few days for a while. Check by poking beneath the surface. The surface may look dry, but if it's damp underneath that's okay. If it's almost dry underneath, you should water more.
As the plant gets growing, you should stop watering so frequently. The plant will grow a stronger root system if you water deeply every week or so (unless it's rained and you don't need to water). Watering deeply means you keep supplying water (pour water into the depression or trench around the plants a few times) until it's seeped well down into the soil.
Saturday, April 28, 2012
Apology: Starting Seeds Indoors
I meant to post on how to start seeds - but I forgot. Now it is getting a bit late to start some things from seed - the ideal time might have been a few weeks ago, at least for tomatoes and basil, which are somewhat slow to get started.
On the other hand, if it stays so cold this spring, maybe this is the right time - it might be too cold to plant them out for many more weeks (and they need about 4 weeks before they are large enough to transplant out). Most years in Toronto it's warm enough by mid to late May.
It's always hard to guess for sure: even before global warning, the weather was very unpredictable. You just have to decide!
So if you decide would like to start seedlings, you can read this post from last year.
On the other hand, if it stays so cold this spring, maybe this is the right time - it might be too cold to plant them out for many more weeks (and they need about 4 weeks before they are large enough to transplant out). Most years in Toronto it's warm enough by mid to late May.
It's always hard to guess for sure: even before global warning, the weather was very unpredictable. You just have to decide!
So if you decide would like to start seedlings, you can read this post from last year.
What to Expect Now
Most seeds at this time of year take quite a while to germinate, especially in the very cool weather and cool soil we have this year. Don't worry if you don't see anything for a week or two after your plant. Peas, chives, and chard take even longer, while the mustardy ones: arugula, mizuna, and mustard, tend to sprout a bit sooner.
The most important thing is to make sure the soil stays moist the whole time while the seeds are germinating and also while the plants are extremely tiny.
On the other hand, it's pretty easy to wipe out the tiniest seedlings if you water them too heavily.
So being very careful not to kill anything, keep the soil moist. In the current weather that may mean you don't need to do anything, if occasional rain falls on your patch or containers. But if it becomes dry again and warms up, you will need to water every few days for a while.
Once the seedlings have more than the first two leaves, they will have generated enough roots to gather moisture from a bit wider and deeper and it won't be so critical to keep the soil moist right at the surface. (But you'll want to make sure it doesn't dry out deeper down.)
By the way, you may have to replant peas this year. At least mine don't seem to have survived: in very cold spring weather they seem to fail to germinate and just rot in the soil.
It can be hard to tell what sprouts are weeds and which ones are your plants. That's one way careful planting helps, because you can see the pattern when the seedlings start growing.
Here is what arugula, mustard, and mizuna look like when they sprout:
Notice the approximate straight lines of the rows. The spacing in my rows is pretty irregular. As I mentioned, I try to get them evenly spaced, but handling the tiny mustard seeds is a bit hard, and I'm not too patient.
In any case, a little thinning is still much easier than a lot of thinning. Once the seedlings have grown a little, you can pull out the smallest duplicates, being very careful not to hurt the ones you are trying to leave in. With these types of plants (arugula, mustard, etc.), you can wash and eat the sprouts you pull out: they are very delicious! Of course, don't eat seedlings with poisonous leaves, like tomato seedlings. But all of the early plants for this blog have edible leaves - including the peas.
Even at this stage, the leaves of different vegetable types are often distinctive, however. These mustardy sprouts all have those very distinctive heart-shaped leaves. (Broccoli and Cauliflower have the same shape, since they're in the same family. Their seeds all look quite similar too.) Here is a close-up:
Peas look completely different - I'll post a picture when mine are up.
You may also now start to find weed sprouts as well. I have seen some now. As long as they're outside your rows and you are sure they are not the seeds you planted, you can pull them out as you see them. But there's no hurry to pull them out if you are not sure - better safe them sorry! I have, sadly, occasionally weeded my own vegetables. Hopefully once you have your own seedlings clearly growing and identifiable, then you will be able to tell for sure which are the weeds.
The most important thing is to make sure the soil stays moist the whole time while the seeds are germinating and also while the plants are extremely tiny.
On the other hand, it's pretty easy to wipe out the tiniest seedlings if you water them too heavily.
So being very careful not to kill anything, keep the soil moist. In the current weather that may mean you don't need to do anything, if occasional rain falls on your patch or containers. But if it becomes dry again and warms up, you will need to water every few days for a while.
Once the seedlings have more than the first two leaves, they will have generated enough roots to gather moisture from a bit wider and deeper and it won't be so critical to keep the soil moist right at the surface. (But you'll want to make sure it doesn't dry out deeper down.)
By the way, you may have to replant peas this year. At least mine don't seem to have survived: in very cold spring weather they seem to fail to germinate and just rot in the soil.
It can be hard to tell what sprouts are weeds and which ones are your plants. That's one way careful planting helps, because you can see the pattern when the seedlings start growing.
Here is what arugula, mustard, and mizuna look like when they sprout:
Notice the approximate straight lines of the rows. The spacing in my rows is pretty irregular. As I mentioned, I try to get them evenly spaced, but handling the tiny mustard seeds is a bit hard, and I'm not too patient.
In any case, a little thinning is still much easier than a lot of thinning. Once the seedlings have grown a little, you can pull out the smallest duplicates, being very careful not to hurt the ones you are trying to leave in. With these types of plants (arugula, mustard, etc.), you can wash and eat the sprouts you pull out: they are very delicious! Of course, don't eat seedlings with poisonous leaves, like tomato seedlings. But all of the early plants for this blog have edible leaves - including the peas.
Even at this stage, the leaves of different vegetable types are often distinctive, however. These mustardy sprouts all have those very distinctive heart-shaped leaves. (Broccoli and Cauliflower have the same shape, since they're in the same family. Their seeds all look quite similar too.) Here is a close-up:
Peas look completely different - I'll post a picture when mine are up.
You may also now start to find weed sprouts as well. I have seen some now. As long as they're outside your rows and you are sure they are not the seeds you planted, you can pull them out as you see them. But there's no hurry to pull them out if you are not sure - better safe them sorry! I have, sadly, occasionally weeded my own vegetables. Hopefully once you have your own seedlings clearly growing and identifiable, then you will be able to tell for sure which are the weeds.
Friday, April 6, 2012
Planting Early Spring Vegetables
If you have finished the previous steps (including Things You Need and Preparing Your Plot), and if you're growing any of the early spring vegetables:
Watch the weather forecast, and try to seize a good day when it comes. Light showers are okay, but heavy rain will usually make the soil too muddy for planting for a day or two afterward. A string of warm, sunny days after you plant helps speed up germination and reduce the chances of the seeds rotting instead of growing.
Temperatures might still be especially cool for planting peas right now. Check the weather forecast, and if you see a few days in a row with temperatures well above 10 celsius, that's the best time to plant. If you plant peas in cold weather (like the forecast for the next week), you will probably have fewer seeds successfully grow into full plants.
If you're not ready to plant yet, don't fret, just go step by step through the previous posts. The next month or so is prime time for planting these. And after that, they will still grow, but some of these will typically finish their life cycle very quickly and not produce as much. (Chard, chicory, and chives are exceptions: they will last all summer, and chives will last for years!)
On the other hand, if you're only planting late-spring things this year, you have to wait. The late spring vegetables (tomatoes, beans, etc.) will all die if you plant them outside now!
If you haven't already bought your supplies, including seeds, obviously you need to do that now.
When it's time to plant, you should also get your drawing of your layout, which you stored somewhere safe after making it a few weeks ago.
One more thing: this is another very detailed post, trying to help out people who are really unsure how to plant things. I am happy to say that after this, the posts will generally get much shorter, since much less detail will be needed. (I like to write, but trying to say everything has been a bit grueling! And I'm sure I've forgotten things, at that. Please let me know in the comments about things you find unclear or confusing.)
Soak peas overnight before you plant them.
If you are growing peas, it's best to soak them in water at room temperature for about 24 hours beforehand. Before they start to grow, they need to soak up a lot of water. That happens only very slowly in the soil if you plant them dry, so it will take longer for them to sprout. The cool soil temperatures also make germination slow. If you forget to soak them the evening before you plant, soaking them for even a few hours before you plant them is better than nothing.
Now, even if you plant them dry, they will eventually sprout, so you could just ignore this advice. On the other hand, if you do soak them, you really need to plant them within about 24 hours, or they will start to sprout before you plant them and the sprouts will be very easily damaged when you handle them to plant them.
Also remember that your peas will be planted about 3 cm apart, in a row, or in a circle around some supporting structure, so try to only soak the amount you will need. Extra seeds can be kept until next year, as long as they stay very dry. Any peas that you soak will have to be planted or thrown away.
Preparing the Soil
Every time you plant in any area, dig in plenty of compost with your trowel, right where you are going plant the seeds. This is the only reason you can plant so intensively: because you are constantly adding rich organic matter back into the soil.
(Note: if you just filled new containers with compost and soil, or just prepared new ground by single- or double-digging in lots of compost, then just this one time, you don't have to dig in any more compost. But next time you plant there, you will have to add compost!)
To prepare to plant, first, spread an inch or so of compost over the area you are going to plant. Then, using your trowel, break up the earth where you are planting and mix it well with the compost. Mix as deep as you can with the trowel. The deeper the loose the soil is, the easier it will be for your plants to form healthy root systems. Try to break up most of the obvious lumps of soil, and generally remove stones that are bigger than 1 cm or so.
If I'm planting stuff that goes close together filling an area, like arugula, then I prepare the whole area all at once (as I described above). If I'm planting stuff that will go in a row, like peas along a fence, I prepare just the narrow row, still mixing in the compost as deep as I can go with the trowel. If I'm planting individual seedlings that I bought in pots, then I prepare just the hole where I'm going to plant the seedling. The idea here is to avoid cultivating too much area that you aren't planting anything in. If you do that, you will encourage weeds to grow. Disturbing the soil causes weed seeds to start growing, and putting in compost there will feed them. So you can be strategic when you prepare for planting, and try to cultivate and compost just where you need to.
Planting Tiny Seeds
Mizuna, arugula, and mustard greens all have extremely tiny seeds. Traditionally they are scattered ("broadcast"), but this makes them grow irregularly and too close to each other, so they have to be thinned later, which is quite laborious. It's also a waste of seed. And if you don't get around to thinning them, they will compete with each other and stay small and spindly. Furthermore, it's harder to weed them when they are irregularly spaced: for one thing, you can't see as clearly which ones are the weeds and which are the vegetable plants. That's even harder if you are planting something for the first time and you don't even know what its seedlings will look like!
So though it's tricky to plant them one at a time at a regular, optimal spacing, it is actually easier in the long run.
When planting very tiny small seeds, after the compost is dug in, I use the trowel to try to level out the soil a bit. Then I make shallow, narrow trenches in the soil - maybe about 1 or 2 cm deep. I make these parallel so the bottoms of the trenches are the recommended distance apart for the plants. (Say, 5 cm apart for arugula. See the table at the bottom of this post for other distances.) Then I take a small amount of seeds in the palm of my hand, and pick them up one at a time, and try to drop them in the trenches, again spaced out at the recommended distance. (I'm not terribly patient, so the actual spacing is definitely somewhat random. Often I drop more than one at a time just by accident.)
Last, I use the trowel to just slightly cover the seeds in the trenches. With very tiny seeds, you should not cover them deeply: no more than a millimetre or so of soil - just enough to keep some moisture around the seed. (Also this hides the seeds a bit from birds that might come poking around. The seed-eaters - sparrows, etc. - are looking for leftover weed seeds at this time of year.) Since you didn't really fill them in, the little trenches will still be present, and those will also help you to see where to water - which is the next step.
Ideally, you water very, very lightly, from very very low to the ground. If you water heavily onto the soil, you will really pack down the soil on your seeds, and as that dries it will become quite hard, making it harder for the seeds to grow. I put my hand close to the soil over the trench, and pour water from a container into the palm of my hand and let it drip through my fingers as I move along the trench.
Once the plants start to get a few inches tall, you can become gradually less careful - you can just pour water gently on the roots (avoiding dumping it on the plants themselves).
Larger Seeds; Rows and Groups
Larger seeds need to be buried deeper when you plant them. Seed packages will usually recommend a depth. But a simple rule of thumb is to plant seeds at about their own depth or a slightly more: for example, a pea is about 1/4 inch in diameter, so plant it about 1/4 inch under the surface, or slightly more. (In softer, looser soil, you can go slightly deeper, because the seed will be able to push up easily.)
The above section about small seeds assumes you are "area planting" - filling up an area with plants in a grid at the optimal spacing. On the other hand, if you are planting climbers like peas in a row along a fence, then you just make one trench, and then you leave some extra space between that trench and other plants.
The same goes for plants in a group, such as peas planted around a central climbing support (like a teepee of sticks). The peas in that case would be planted in a circular trench, and then you'd leave a little extra room around that circle before planting other things around it.
Spacings for Early Spring Vegetables
- Mizuna
- Arugula
- Mustard Greens
- Chicory
- Chard
- Peas
- Chives
Watch the weather forecast, and try to seize a good day when it comes. Light showers are okay, but heavy rain will usually make the soil too muddy for planting for a day or two afterward. A string of warm, sunny days after you plant helps speed up germination and reduce the chances of the seeds rotting instead of growing.
Temperatures might still be especially cool for planting peas right now. Check the weather forecast, and if you see a few days in a row with temperatures well above 10 celsius, that's the best time to plant. If you plant peas in cold weather (like the forecast for the next week), you will probably have fewer seeds successfully grow into full plants.
If you're not ready to plant yet, don't fret, just go step by step through the previous posts. The next month or so is prime time for planting these. And after that, they will still grow, but some of these will typically finish their life cycle very quickly and not produce as much. (Chard, chicory, and chives are exceptions: they will last all summer, and chives will last for years!)
On the other hand, if you're only planting late-spring things this year, you have to wait. The late spring vegetables (tomatoes, beans, etc.) will all die if you plant them outside now!
If you haven't already bought your supplies, including seeds, obviously you need to do that now.
When it's time to plant, you should also get your drawing of your layout, which you stored somewhere safe after making it a few weeks ago.
One more thing: this is another very detailed post, trying to help out people who are really unsure how to plant things. I am happy to say that after this, the posts will generally get much shorter, since much less detail will be needed. (I like to write, but trying to say everything has been a bit grueling! And I'm sure I've forgotten things, at that. Please let me know in the comments about things you find unclear or confusing.)
Soak peas overnight before you plant them.
If you are growing peas, it's best to soak them in water at room temperature for about 24 hours beforehand. Before they start to grow, they need to soak up a lot of water. That happens only very slowly in the soil if you plant them dry, so it will take longer for them to sprout. The cool soil temperatures also make germination slow. If you forget to soak them the evening before you plant, soaking them for even a few hours before you plant them is better than nothing.
Now, even if you plant them dry, they will eventually sprout, so you could just ignore this advice. On the other hand, if you do soak them, you really need to plant them within about 24 hours, or they will start to sprout before you plant them and the sprouts will be very easily damaged when you handle them to plant them.
Also remember that your peas will be planted about 3 cm apart, in a row, or in a circle around some supporting structure, so try to only soak the amount you will need. Extra seeds can be kept until next year, as long as they stay very dry. Any peas that you soak will have to be planted or thrown away.
Preparing the Soil
Every time you plant in any area, dig in plenty of compost with your trowel, right where you are going plant the seeds. This is the only reason you can plant so intensively: because you are constantly adding rich organic matter back into the soil.
(Note: if you just filled new containers with compost and soil, or just prepared new ground by single- or double-digging in lots of compost, then just this one time, you don't have to dig in any more compost. But next time you plant there, you will have to add compost!)
To prepare to plant, first, spread an inch or so of compost over the area you are going to plant. Then, using your trowel, break up the earth where you are planting and mix it well with the compost. Mix as deep as you can with the trowel. The deeper the loose the soil is, the easier it will be for your plants to form healthy root systems. Try to break up most of the obvious lumps of soil, and generally remove stones that are bigger than 1 cm or so.
If I'm planting stuff that goes close together filling an area, like arugula, then I prepare the whole area all at once (as I described above). If I'm planting stuff that will go in a row, like peas along a fence, I prepare just the narrow row, still mixing in the compost as deep as I can go with the trowel. If I'm planting individual seedlings that I bought in pots, then I prepare just the hole where I'm going to plant the seedling. The idea here is to avoid cultivating too much area that you aren't planting anything in. If you do that, you will encourage weeds to grow. Disturbing the soil causes weed seeds to start growing, and putting in compost there will feed them. So you can be strategic when you prepare for planting, and try to cultivate and compost just where you need to.
Planting Tiny Seeds
Mizuna, arugula, and mustard greens all have extremely tiny seeds. Traditionally they are scattered ("broadcast"), but this makes them grow irregularly and too close to each other, so they have to be thinned later, which is quite laborious. It's also a waste of seed. And if you don't get around to thinning them, they will compete with each other and stay small and spindly. Furthermore, it's harder to weed them when they are irregularly spaced: for one thing, you can't see as clearly which ones are the weeds and which are the vegetable plants. That's even harder if you are planting something for the first time and you don't even know what its seedlings will look like!
So though it's tricky to plant them one at a time at a regular, optimal spacing, it is actually easier in the long run.
When planting very tiny small seeds, after the compost is dug in, I use the trowel to try to level out the soil a bit. Then I make shallow, narrow trenches in the soil - maybe about 1 or 2 cm deep. I make these parallel so the bottoms of the trenches are the recommended distance apart for the plants. (Say, 5 cm apart for arugula. See the table at the bottom of this post for other distances.) Then I take a small amount of seeds in the palm of my hand, and pick them up one at a time, and try to drop them in the trenches, again spaced out at the recommended distance. (I'm not terribly patient, so the actual spacing is definitely somewhat random. Often I drop more than one at a time just by accident.)
Last, I use the trowel to just slightly cover the seeds in the trenches. With very tiny seeds, you should not cover them deeply: no more than a millimetre or so of soil - just enough to keep some moisture around the seed. (Also this hides the seeds a bit from birds that might come poking around. The seed-eaters - sparrows, etc. - are looking for leftover weed seeds at this time of year.) Since you didn't really fill them in, the little trenches will still be present, and those will also help you to see where to water - which is the next step.
Ideally, you water very, very lightly, from very very low to the ground. If you water heavily onto the soil, you will really pack down the soil on your seeds, and as that dries it will become quite hard, making it harder for the seeds to grow. I put my hand close to the soil over the trench, and pour water from a container into the palm of my hand and let it drip through my fingers as I move along the trench.
Once the plants start to get a few inches tall, you can become gradually less careful - you can just pour water gently on the roots (avoiding dumping it on the plants themselves).
Larger Seeds; Rows and Groups
Larger seeds need to be buried deeper when you plant them. Seed packages will usually recommend a depth. But a simple rule of thumb is to plant seeds at about their own depth or a slightly more: for example, a pea is about 1/4 inch in diameter, so plant it about 1/4 inch under the surface, or slightly more. (In softer, looser soil, you can go slightly deeper, because the seed will be able to push up easily.)
The above section about small seeds assumes you are "area planting" - filling up an area with plants in a grid at the optimal spacing. On the other hand, if you are planting climbers like peas in a row along a fence, then you just make one trench, and then you leave some extra space between that trench and other plants.
The same goes for plants in a group, such as peas planted around a central climbing support (like a teepee of sticks). The peas in that case would be planted in a circular trench, and then you'd leave a little extra room around that circle before planting other things around it.
Spacings for Early Spring Vegetables
| Height | Planting Time | Spacing | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Peas | climber | early spring | close row or group (3cm) |
| Mustard Greens | tall (1m) | early spring | close (5cm) |
| Mizuna | low | early spring | close (5cm) |
| Arugula | low | early spring | close (5cm) |
| Chicory | low | early spring | close (5cm) |
| Chard | low | early spring | med (8cm) |
| Chives | low | early spring | close group (1cm) |
Sunday, April 1, 2012
Preparing Your Plot
(This post assumes you've worked through the previous posts first: Choosing Your Plot, Choosing Your Vegetables and Things You Need.)
If you are planting early spring vegetables, it's definitely time to get your plot ready. Peas and greens like arugula need to be planted soon to mature in the cool weather they prefer. See the Choosing Your Vegetables post if you are unsure which vegetables are early spring ones. If you're only planting warm weather vegetables in late spring, you still have a month or two to get your plot ready. Otherwise...
Get your gloves on, grab your trowel and your other supplies (compost, containers, potting soil, etc.).
Do this work in the area you are actually going to grow in, because big containers will be quite heavy once you water them. But you can fill the containers in a different spot as long as you move them into their final position before you water them.
To make clean-up easier, spread out quite a bit of newspaper around where you are going to fill your containers. For me, at least, potting soil always seems to spread out everywhere, no matter how hard I try not to spill it.
You are done when you have a pretty clear patch (or patches) of soil to plant in.
If you are planting early spring vegetables, it's definitely time to get your plot ready. Peas and greens like arugula need to be planted soon to mature in the cool weather they prefer. See the Choosing Your Vegetables post if you are unsure which vegetables are early spring ones. If you're only planting warm weather vegetables in late spring, you still have a month or two to get your plot ready. Otherwise...
Get your gloves on, grab your trowel and your other supplies (compost, containers, potting soil, etc.).
Preparing Pots and Containers
Do this work in the area you are actually going to grow in, because big containers will be quite heavy once you water them. But you can fill the containers in a different spot as long as you move them into their final position before you water them.
To make clean-up easier, spread out quite a bit of newspaper around where you are going to fill your containers. For me, at least, potting soil always seems to spread out everywhere, no matter how hard I try not to spill it.
This is your last chance to make sure all the containers have ample drainage holes! Punch holes in the bottom if they don't already have them. I mentioned this before, but I should emphasize again that it's essential to prevent your plants from dying of root rot. Even if they're not exposed to rain, you could very easily water too much without realizing it. And, as I also mentioned before, if the containers are in an area where you don't want leakage on the floor, then you need to have something under them to catch it.
Fill each container about 7/8 full of potting soil, and about 1/8 full of compost. (Okay, that's a very rough proportion - I really have no idea how much compost my plants get!) Fill the container very full, because this soil mix will quickly compress down a lot as it gets watered, and also as the organic material in the soil decomposes to feed your plants.
Mix the soil and compost thoroughly together. Move the containers into their final position, with no newspaper underneath. (You won't be able to get the newspaper out from under large containers once they get heavy.)
Mix the soil and compost thoroughly together. Move the containers into their final position, with no newspaper underneath. (You won't be able to get the newspaper out from under large containers once they get heavy.)
This is not planting day, but you should water the containers now anyway. Potting soil behaves strangely until it's been wet for a while - it tends to be too "fluffy" to plant in. So by wetting it now, you will make it easier to work with when planting. Water until you think the soil is damp all the way down, but avoid making the soil sopping wet.
Using an Existing Garden Patch
If you are going to plant in ornamental landscaping that's already got stuff growing in it, or if you are going to plant somewhere that's
been cultivated before, you just have to clean up your vegetable growing
area now.
If this is going to be a dedicated garden patch (rather than planting among other existing plants), it might be a good idea to consider your approach. Dig into the soil a bit with the trowel.
The soil should be pretty lose and easy to dig, not hard packed or densely full of roots from grass or trees. Some weeds are not a problem at all. Earthworms are a good sign: they both improve the soil and prefer to live in healthy soil. If the patch is very wet and muddy right now, that makes it a little hard to tell. Good soil will stick to your shovel a lot if it's very wet, but when it's only moist, it will crumble easily. On the other hand, if it's very sandy or gravelly, that's not great either.
If any of this puts you in doubt, you can consider if you want to do the hard work of shallow or deep preparation described below under "Creating a New Plot". That's a lot more work, but compacted, clayey soil, or sandy, gravelly soil, are not so great for vegetables - the plants will not be able to create as strong root systems and the soil will not hold moisture as evenly, so the plants will experience more severe wet/dry fluctuations, and the soil will probably also be effectively less nutritious because soil organisms will not be thriving either.
If you've planned to remove some existing ornamental plants, remove them now to make room for your vegetables. You can transplant them somewhere else if they're nice and you want to keep them. In that case, try to dig out a large enough root ball of soil so that you don't damage the roots too much. Then just dig a new hole, and try to get the plants in at the same level they were before, or just slightly lower (so that rainwater will tend to flow in towards the roots).
Remove old dead growth left over from last year, if it's in the way, and dig up any perennial weeds that are growing. Try to get the roots of the weeds out. Any roots or pieces of roots that look firm and healthy will start to grow into new weeds soon. If there are dandelions with new leaves, you can eat the greens in a sandwich or salad - as long as you know they are dandelions. (Please don't poison yourself.) Some other weeds are tasty too, but that's beyond the scope of this blog. (Foraging is another topic - though a great one. I do eat my edible weeds.)
Or if it's an area with some kind of "mulch", e.g. something covering the soil like wood chips or plastic, you need to remove that from the area you are going to plant in.
If this is going to be a dedicated garden patch (rather than planting among other existing plants), it might be a good idea to consider your approach. Dig into the soil a bit with the trowel.
The soil should be pretty lose and easy to dig, not hard packed or densely full of roots from grass or trees. Some weeds are not a problem at all. Earthworms are a good sign: they both improve the soil and prefer to live in healthy soil. If the patch is very wet and muddy right now, that makes it a little hard to tell. Good soil will stick to your shovel a lot if it's very wet, but when it's only moist, it will crumble easily. On the other hand, if it's very sandy or gravelly, that's not great either.
If any of this puts you in doubt, you can consider if you want to do the hard work of shallow or deep preparation described below under "Creating a New Plot". That's a lot more work, but compacted, clayey soil, or sandy, gravelly soil, are not so great for vegetables - the plants will not be able to create as strong root systems and the soil will not hold moisture as evenly, so the plants will experience more severe wet/dry fluctuations, and the soil will probably also be effectively less nutritious because soil organisms will not be thriving either.
If you've planned to remove some existing ornamental plants, remove them now to make room for your vegetables. You can transplant them somewhere else if they're nice and you want to keep them. In that case, try to dig out a large enough root ball of soil so that you don't damage the roots too much. Then just dig a new hole, and try to get the plants in at the same level they were before, or just slightly lower (so that rainwater will tend to flow in towards the roots).
Remove old dead growth left over from last year, if it's in the way, and dig up any perennial weeds that are growing. Try to get the roots of the weeds out. Any roots or pieces of roots that look firm and healthy will start to grow into new weeds soon. If there are dandelions with new leaves, you can eat the greens in a sandwich or salad - as long as you know they are dandelions. (Please don't poison yourself.) Some other weeds are tasty too, but that's beyond the scope of this blog. (Foraging is another topic - though a great one. I do eat my edible weeds.)
Or if it's an area with some kind of "mulch", e.g. something covering the soil like wood chips or plastic, you need to remove that from the area you are going to plant in.
You are done when you have a pretty clear patch (or patches) of soil to plant in.
Creating a New Plot
If you are planting in a patch of lawn, or somewhere else that has not been cultivated before, now you have the hardest work to do: the shovel work.
To prepare new ground, you want to loosen the soil and mix in compost as deeply as possible, which means as deeply as you have the energy for. If you've kept yourself to a small patch, that will be a big help now.
One note: you should make sure your soil is ready for this work. There is a standard planting phrase "as soon as the soil can be worked". When the snow has just come off, the soil will still be partly frozen. After that, it will be very "waterlogged" for a while. Just after heavy rain is no good either. When the soil is very wet, it's almost impossible to dig and prepare, because it just forms huge, heavy, muddy lumps on the shovel. You will suffer unnecessarily if you try to garden then!
The soil is only ready to "work" when it has drained enough so that doesn't happen very much. (But your soil might still be pretty heavy and sticky if it's very compacted, high in clay, and doesn't have much organic matter in it. That's why we need to "prepare" it.) So before you get going, check with your trowel, and see if the soil is still in a very wet, muddy mass. If lumps tend to crumble at least a bit when you squish the lumps with the trowel, then the soil "can be worked", and you can begin. If it's still too wet, you have to wait a few days, and try again.
In preparing the soil, what we are going for is loose, aerated soil full of organic matter that keeps it from clumping up again. That will be the kind of soil that is makes it easy for plants to grow roots, holds lots of water without getting waterlogged, is immediately nutritious for plants, and also supports lots of soil organisms that are the real long-term source of released nutrients for your plants. Also, well-prepared soil is ready earlier in the following years, because the higher amounts of organic matter make it behave better when wet.
Once you've prepared a bed, try never to walk on it again. That will keep it uncompacted. Make sure your bed is small enough to reach in comfortably from the sides - no more than 2 feet away from a path in any direction (so maximum 4 feet between paths), and less is better. (Less sore back is better, to be precise.) If your planting area is too large for this, then add more paths to cut it into smaller, more reachable pieces.
If you never walk on the prepared soil, and you always add more compost each time you plant, you will not need to do this heavy work again. Earthworms and the roots of plants will together keep your soil deeply aerated and uncompacted.
Shallow Preparation:
I'll talk about the easier, shallower way first. This way is less work, but shallower, so the result will be less supportive of more deep-rooted vegetables like tomatoes, chard, and beans.
If you are removing existing lawn, you probably should do deep preparation. And generally, I'd say do deep preparation if you are physically capable of doing it. It's a one-time thing, after all.
Remove any weeds from the surface. Now start digging up the soil and stirring it around as deep as your shovel blade goes, looking for masses of living roots you find. Remove those and put them aside. They are strong healthy future weeds you most likely don't want.
Once your patch is very stirred up, spread lots of compost on top - ideally you will have enough compost to form a layer on the surface that is a few inches deep. Now continue stirring up the soil with your shovel, mixing it very well with the compost and breaking up all the remaining lumps of packed soil.
The deeper you stir it up, the better.
Deep Preparation:
The deep way to prepare the soil is called "double digging". It goes two shovel-lengths deep (instead of one shovel deep, like the shallow preparation described above). Lots of vegetables (tomatoes, beans, chard, etc.) prefer to root deeper than one shovel depth, so this is definitely worth the effort if you can manage it.
But the basic idea is still just that you want to mix in compost and loosen the soil as far down as you can go.
If you are digging in a grassy area, see the section below about dealing with grass.
If your plot is very small (say 1 metre by 1 metre), you may just want to remove the whole top "1 shovel deep" layer of soil, piling it all to the side. Then prepare the entire bottom layer all at once, mixing in compost and breaking up lumps as deep as you can go with the shovel. Try to leave it loose and fine. Then put the entire top layer back, and mix compost into that as deep as you can go with the shovel, again breaking up all the lumps and leaving it loose and fine.
For somewhat larger areas, double digging is a clever approach designed to work the soil down to two shovel-depths deep, while minimizing how much you actually have to move the soil around. This is done by proceeding in strips, so you don't have to remove the entire top layer of soil at once.
First you remove soil from a trench that is one full shovel depth deep. (It's helpful to have a plastic sheet to put this soil on, or a wheelbarrow, or some kind of bin, just to reduce the mess and make it easier to recover this soil at the end of the process.) Then you work the bottom of the trench, the deep layer. Mix compost into the soil at the bottom of the trench with your shovel, mixing it and losening it well, going as deep as you can - another full shovel depth. Ideally, you have enough compost to mix in a layer that's a few inches deep.
Next you start a new trench beside the original one, moving the top layer of soil from that trench over to fill in the first trench. Then you add more compost to this top layer of soil in the first trench and loosen it well.
The first trench is done, and now you are standing in the second trench. Now you work compost deep into the bottom of the second trench. Then you dig a third trench, using soil from the third trench to fill in the top layer of the second trench. You mix that with compost, and so on.
You fill in the last trench with the soil you set aside from the first one.
Need help visualizing that? The wikipedia entry on double digging includes an animated illustration that makes this quite clear. However, they show mixing the top layers at the end, which would require walking on the prepared soil - which you should not do. I suggest mixing each top layer while you are standing in the next (unprepared) trench.
The advantage of this whole trench-by-trench double-dig approach is simply that most of the soil that is moved is just moved a little ways - from a new trench to the previous trench beside it, instead of, say, putting the whole top layer aside at once. The objective is still just to loosen the soil and add compost as far down as possible.
To prepare new ground, you want to loosen the soil and mix in compost as deeply as possible, which means as deeply as you have the energy for. If you've kept yourself to a small patch, that will be a big help now.
One note: you should make sure your soil is ready for this work. There is a standard planting phrase "as soon as the soil can be worked". When the snow has just come off, the soil will still be partly frozen. After that, it will be very "waterlogged" for a while. Just after heavy rain is no good either. When the soil is very wet, it's almost impossible to dig and prepare, because it just forms huge, heavy, muddy lumps on the shovel. You will suffer unnecessarily if you try to garden then!
The soil is only ready to "work" when it has drained enough so that doesn't happen very much. (But your soil might still be pretty heavy and sticky if it's very compacted, high in clay, and doesn't have much organic matter in it. That's why we need to "prepare" it.) So before you get going, check with your trowel, and see if the soil is still in a very wet, muddy mass. If lumps tend to crumble at least a bit when you squish the lumps with the trowel, then the soil "can be worked", and you can begin. If it's still too wet, you have to wait a few days, and try again.
In preparing the soil, what we are going for is loose, aerated soil full of organic matter that keeps it from clumping up again. That will be the kind of soil that is makes it easy for plants to grow roots, holds lots of water without getting waterlogged, is immediately nutritious for plants, and also supports lots of soil organisms that are the real long-term source of released nutrients for your plants. Also, well-prepared soil is ready earlier in the following years, because the higher amounts of organic matter make it behave better when wet.
Once you've prepared a bed, try never to walk on it again. That will keep it uncompacted. Make sure your bed is small enough to reach in comfortably from the sides - no more than 2 feet away from a path in any direction (so maximum 4 feet between paths), and less is better. (Less sore back is better, to be precise.) If your planting area is too large for this, then add more paths to cut it into smaller, more reachable pieces.
If you never walk on the prepared soil, and you always add more compost each time you plant, you will not need to do this heavy work again. Earthworms and the roots of plants will together keep your soil deeply aerated and uncompacted.
Shallow Preparation:
I'll talk about the easier, shallower way first. This way is less work, but shallower, so the result will be less supportive of more deep-rooted vegetables like tomatoes, chard, and beans.
If you are removing existing lawn, you probably should do deep preparation. And generally, I'd say do deep preparation if you are physically capable of doing it. It's a one-time thing, after all.
Remove any weeds from the surface. Now start digging up the soil and stirring it around as deep as your shovel blade goes, looking for masses of living roots you find. Remove those and put them aside. They are strong healthy future weeds you most likely don't want.
Once your patch is very stirred up, spread lots of compost on top - ideally you will have enough compost to form a layer on the surface that is a few inches deep. Now continue stirring up the soil with your shovel, mixing it very well with the compost and breaking up all the remaining lumps of packed soil.
The deeper you stir it up, the better.
Deep Preparation:
The deep way to prepare the soil is called "double digging". It goes two shovel-lengths deep (instead of one shovel deep, like the shallow preparation described above). Lots of vegetables (tomatoes, beans, chard, etc.) prefer to root deeper than one shovel depth, so this is definitely worth the effort if you can manage it.
But the basic idea is still just that you want to mix in compost and loosen the soil as far down as you can go.
If you are digging in a grassy area, see the section below about dealing with grass.
If your plot is very small (say 1 metre by 1 metre), you may just want to remove the whole top "1 shovel deep" layer of soil, piling it all to the side. Then prepare the entire bottom layer all at once, mixing in compost and breaking up lumps as deep as you can go with the shovel. Try to leave it loose and fine. Then put the entire top layer back, and mix compost into that as deep as you can go with the shovel, again breaking up all the lumps and leaving it loose and fine.
For somewhat larger areas, double digging is a clever approach designed to work the soil down to two shovel-depths deep, while minimizing how much you actually have to move the soil around. This is done by proceeding in strips, so you don't have to remove the entire top layer of soil at once.
First you remove soil from a trench that is one full shovel depth deep. (It's helpful to have a plastic sheet to put this soil on, or a wheelbarrow, or some kind of bin, just to reduce the mess and make it easier to recover this soil at the end of the process.) Then you work the bottom of the trench, the deep layer. Mix compost into the soil at the bottom of the trench with your shovel, mixing it and losening it well, going as deep as you can - another full shovel depth. Ideally, you have enough compost to mix in a layer that's a few inches deep.
Next you start a new trench beside the original one, moving the top layer of soil from that trench over to fill in the first trench. Then you add more compost to this top layer of soil in the first trench and loosen it well.
The first trench is done, and now you are standing in the second trench. Now you work compost deep into the bottom of the second trench. Then you dig a third trench, using soil from the third trench to fill in the top layer of the second trench. You mix that with compost, and so on.
You fill in the last trench with the soil you set aside from the first one.
Need help visualizing that? The wikipedia entry on double digging includes an animated illustration that makes this quite clear. However, they show mixing the top layers at the end, which would require walking on the prepared soil - which you should not do. I suggest mixing each top layer while you are standing in the next (unprepared) trench.
The advantage of this whole trench-by-trench double-dig approach is simply that most of the soil that is moved is just moved a little ways - from a new trench to the previous trench beside it, instead of, say, putting the whole top layer aside at once. The objective is still just to loosen the soil and add compost as far down as possible.
Dealing with Grass
If you are digging where there's solid grass, you should probably double dig. And as you go, you need to do one extra (hard) thing: from each trench, cut away the turf, the layer of grass including its whole root layer, with the shovel and set it aside.
After you prepare the bottom layer of each trench (after it's all mixed with compost and loosened), put the turf from that trench back in, grass-side down (i.e. upside down), before the rest of the topsoil from the next trench goes on top. That puts the grass in deep, where it won't be able to grow anymore, and where it will decompose and further enrich your soil.
(Now that you're reading this, you may want to contemplate "keep it small" for a while. Did you keep it small enough? If not, this is a good time to adjust your plans!)
If you are digging where there's solid grass, you should probably double dig. And as you go, you need to do one extra (hard) thing: from each trench, cut away the turf, the layer of grass including its whole root layer, with the shovel and set it aside.
After you prepare the bottom layer of each trench (after it's all mixed with compost and loosened), put the turf from that trench back in, grass-side down (i.e. upside down), before the rest of the topsoil from the next trench goes on top. That puts the grass in deep, where it won't be able to grow anymore, and where it will decompose and further enrich your soil.
(Now that you're reading this, you may want to contemplate "keep it small" for a while. Did you keep it small enough? If not, this is a good time to adjust your plans!)
Wednesday, March 21, 2012
Things You Need
(This post assumes you've read Choosing Your Plot and Choosing Your Vegetables first!)
Obviously this is a very unusual year: last year there was still snow on the ground at this time, but this year it feels like we're late to get things planted.
So I'll be accelerating the pace a little, and posting more than once a week for a while.
You'll need to prepare the soil in your containers or garden plot, and after that it will be time to plant things like peas, arugula, chard, etc.
But first, you need to make sure you have your supplies. You don't need very much (gardening is not an equipment sport), but there are some inexpensive things you need.
1. Gloves
Getting your hands in the soil is romantic, but unless you want to spend more time scrubbing dirt off them than gardening, you need gloves.
For gardening, don't buy gloves made of knit material: too much dirt goes right through the knit. Cotton cloth is nice because you can rinse them out a bit while you are outside, and then take them in and throw them in the wash.
2. Trowel
You definitely need something to dig and cultivate with. An ordinary garden trowel is good, as long as it's strong - you'd be surprised at how hard you crank on the trowel sometimes. So look carefully at what you are buying, and try to choose something strong, unless you want to buy another one again soon.
A basic, sturdy trowel the only cultivating tool you really need for basic gardening. On the other hand, I do love my Korean "homi", which has a longer, narrower blade set at right-angles to the handle. It's great for preparing soil and planting, but it's not as good for digging holes or moving any amount of dirt around, so it doesn't substitute for a trowel. I use both. But just a trowel alone is definitely enough.
3. Compost
Compost is nicely decayed organic matter. It is pretty much odourless, and basically looks like light, crumbly, loose, black dirt.
Compost is the original garden black magic, and you want lots of it in your soil, for many, many reasons. It keeps the soil from clumping and packing into hard chunks. It retains moisture that would otherwise drain away, so plants don't dry out as quickly, while at the same time it also retains air-pockets needed by the micro-organisms in the soil that provide your plants with the nutrients they need. And it feeds the soil organisms and your plants.
So you must have compost, lots if it. It is the main easy in easy gardening. Every time you plant anything, you put more compost into your soil.
How much do you need? If you're keeping things as small as I've recommended (a square metre or two), then one large bag should be plenty - and a smaller bag should be okay if you're going really small, like just a few smaller containers. Up to a point, more is better. All the vegetables on the short list will be happy with lots: for example, 25% compost, 75% soil would be just fine.
Toronto city compost is free, but you have to pick it up yourself. Soon (March 31st), the Toronto neighborhood environment days will start up (schedule here), where you can fill your own bins or bags full of compost for free - your own food coming back to you full circle, isn't that beautiful? But an environment day event in your area might come too late for you if you're starting with early spring greens, so check the schedule, and if necessary, buy a bag of compost now, and pick up more when there's a conveniently located environment day event near you.
4. Seeds
Hopefully you've already decided what you are going to grow, so you can buy seeds now. If you haven't quite decided, I suggest going back to the posting on planning your plot, and working that out soon!
Personally, I mostly buy from Urban Harvest in Toronto. Besides their great selection, the people are friendly and knowledgeable, and they carry only organic, open-pollinated seeds, which also means you can keep seed from most varieties to use next year. (They also happen to be convenient for me because they come to my local farmer's market.) Also, talking with someone who knows the varieties is very helpful when trying to choose which type to grow. But there are also lots of other choices of seeds at garden centers everywhere. Don't sweat it too much.
For some plants, it is often more practical to buy them as seedlings. On our shortlist, tomatoes, basil, chives, and nasturtiums are all good candidates for this approach.
Tomatoes are usually started very early indoors so they have a good start by the time it gets warm enough outside for them. Basil, chives, and nasturtiums are the other things from the shortlist that you might want to buy as seedlings. Chives you will only ever need to buy once anyway, because they are perennial, and when your first clump gets larger, it can be split up into many. Usually one or two nasturtiums are all you need, too, because they spread quite vigorously to cover a large area.
If you're only going to plant a few of those, or if you have more money than time, or you just definitely want to keep this easy, I suggest just buying the potted seedlings: but later, right when it's time to plant them out in May.
So don't buy seeds for the plants you are going to buy as seedlings.
On the other hand, in this blog I will cover how (and when) to start seeds indoors from seed, so you can do that if you want to. I will cover that (next month) because I do it myself, but be warned that we're straying out of easy territory there, and the results I get at home are nearly always smaller and weaker than the seedlings grown by experts with greenhouses. I just like to do it, and I'm also cheap.
5. Shovel - optional
A full sized shovel is occasionally helpful, but it's only absolutely necessary on one very rare occasion: when you dig a completely new area of garden patch. So if that's what you're going to be doing this year, you should borrow a shovel or buy one, because it's almost time to start digging.
6. Containers and Potting Soil - optional
If you're planting on a balcony or patio, you'll need your containers and soil. Whatever the containers are, make them deep, and make sure they have drainage.
The main problems with containers are the extremes: they can easily dry out too fast, or they can get too waterlogged. So they should be very deep to hold lots of soil (and thus retain lots of water), but they must also have plenty of drainage in the bottom so that too much water doesn't just fill them up.
If you're using something that doesn't have holes, you need to add them. A drill would probably be the best way, though a hammer and a nail might work for some things. (So add borrowing a drill to your list if you're in this situation and you don't have one.)
Drainage also means you need to have something for under the containers if they're in a place where the runoff has to be controlled. Water that leaks from the bottom of the pot will be somewhat dirty. Commercially made plant pots usually come with drainage dishes, or you can place a pot that has drain holes within an outer container that doesn't - which is both decorative, and good for your plants, since it will add protection from heat and cold for the roots.
The soil can be any potting soil (which will be light and absorbent, generally), but I'd suggest going for something certified organic, since it's anybody's guess what might be in the unregulated products intended for ordinary house plants.
7. Climbing Support - optional
If you are planting peas, or later tomatoes or climbing beans, they'll all need to climb or be supported. The easiest is to plant against an existing fence, but lots of things will work, as long as it's tall enough - 4 or 5 feet at least - and strong enough not to fall over: tomato plants and beans in particular get pretty heavy.
Garden centres have lots of things for this, like purpose-made stakes, "tomato cages", bamboo poles, or wooden lattice. If you already have a wall or fence but it's not readily climbable, just hanging many twine strings from it is enough for peas and beans to climb. Tomatoes you'll have to tie up more because they don't really hang on for themselves.
I know I say this a lot, but: don't worry too much. Try something, and if it doesn't work... just try something else.
Where to Get Things
You can get everything listed here at a garden centre or hardware store.
Seeds are also in most grocery stores, too. Seeds (and later on, seedlings) will be for sale at local farmers markets too. (As mentioned above, I usually get mine from Urban Harvest - they are always at my local farmers market, and they are organic, and they are local, and they have an incredible selection of seeds and seedlings, and they are nice. But there are other good seed people around, too.)
Obviously this is a very unusual year: last year there was still snow on the ground at this time, but this year it feels like we're late to get things planted.
So I'll be accelerating the pace a little, and posting more than once a week for a while.
You'll need to prepare the soil in your containers or garden plot, and after that it will be time to plant things like peas, arugula, chard, etc.
But first, you need to make sure you have your supplies. You don't need very much (gardening is not an equipment sport), but there are some inexpensive things you need.
1. Gloves
Getting your hands in the soil is romantic, but unless you want to spend more time scrubbing dirt off them than gardening, you need gloves.
For gardening, don't buy gloves made of knit material: too much dirt goes right through the knit. Cotton cloth is nice because you can rinse them out a bit while you are outside, and then take them in and throw them in the wash.
2. Trowel
You definitely need something to dig and cultivate with. An ordinary garden trowel is good, as long as it's strong - you'd be surprised at how hard you crank on the trowel sometimes. So look carefully at what you are buying, and try to choose something strong, unless you want to buy another one again soon.
A basic, sturdy trowel the only cultivating tool you really need for basic gardening. On the other hand, I do love my Korean "homi", which has a longer, narrower blade set at right-angles to the handle. It's great for preparing soil and planting, but it's not as good for digging holes or moving any amount of dirt around, so it doesn't substitute for a trowel. I use both. But just a trowel alone is definitely enough.
3. Compost
Compost is nicely decayed organic matter. It is pretty much odourless, and basically looks like light, crumbly, loose, black dirt.
Compost is the original garden black magic, and you want lots of it in your soil, for many, many reasons. It keeps the soil from clumping and packing into hard chunks. It retains moisture that would otherwise drain away, so plants don't dry out as quickly, while at the same time it also retains air-pockets needed by the micro-organisms in the soil that provide your plants with the nutrients they need. And it feeds the soil organisms and your plants.
So you must have compost, lots if it. It is the main easy in easy gardening. Every time you plant anything, you put more compost into your soil.
How much do you need? If you're keeping things as small as I've recommended (a square metre or two), then one large bag should be plenty - and a smaller bag should be okay if you're going really small, like just a few smaller containers. Up to a point, more is better. All the vegetables on the short list will be happy with lots: for example, 25% compost, 75% soil would be just fine.
Toronto city compost is free, but you have to pick it up yourself. Soon (March 31st), the Toronto neighborhood environment days will start up (schedule here), where you can fill your own bins or bags full of compost for free - your own food coming back to you full circle, isn't that beautiful? But an environment day event in your area might come too late for you if you're starting with early spring greens, so check the schedule, and if necessary, buy a bag of compost now, and pick up more when there's a conveniently located environment day event near you.
4. Seeds
Hopefully you've already decided what you are going to grow, so you can buy seeds now. If you haven't quite decided, I suggest going back to the posting on planning your plot, and working that out soon!
Personally, I mostly buy from Urban Harvest in Toronto. Besides their great selection, the people are friendly and knowledgeable, and they carry only organic, open-pollinated seeds, which also means you can keep seed from most varieties to use next year. (They also happen to be convenient for me because they come to my local farmer's market.) Also, talking with someone who knows the varieties is very helpful when trying to choose which type to grow. But there are also lots of other choices of seeds at garden centers everywhere. Don't sweat it too much.
For some plants, it is often more practical to buy them as seedlings. On our shortlist, tomatoes, basil, chives, and nasturtiums are all good candidates for this approach.
Tomatoes are usually started very early indoors so they have a good start by the time it gets warm enough outside for them. Basil, chives, and nasturtiums are the other things from the shortlist that you might want to buy as seedlings. Chives you will only ever need to buy once anyway, because they are perennial, and when your first clump gets larger, it can be split up into many. Usually one or two nasturtiums are all you need, too, because they spread quite vigorously to cover a large area.
If you're only going to plant a few of those, or if you have more money than time, or you just definitely want to keep this easy, I suggest just buying the potted seedlings: but later, right when it's time to plant them out in May.
So don't buy seeds for the plants you are going to buy as seedlings.
On the other hand, in this blog I will cover how (and when) to start seeds indoors from seed, so you can do that if you want to. I will cover that (next month) because I do it myself, but be warned that we're straying out of easy territory there, and the results I get at home are nearly always smaller and weaker than the seedlings grown by experts with greenhouses. I just like to do it, and I'm also cheap.
5. Shovel - optional
A full sized shovel is occasionally helpful, but it's only absolutely necessary on one very rare occasion: when you dig a completely new area of garden patch. So if that's what you're going to be doing this year, you should borrow a shovel or buy one, because it's almost time to start digging.
6. Containers and Potting Soil - optional
If you're planting on a balcony or patio, you'll need your containers and soil. Whatever the containers are, make them deep, and make sure they have drainage.
The main problems with containers are the extremes: they can easily dry out too fast, or they can get too waterlogged. So they should be very deep to hold lots of soil (and thus retain lots of water), but they must also have plenty of drainage in the bottom so that too much water doesn't just fill them up.
If you're using something that doesn't have holes, you need to add them. A drill would probably be the best way, though a hammer and a nail might work for some things. (So add borrowing a drill to your list if you're in this situation and you don't have one.)
Drainage also means you need to have something for under the containers if they're in a place where the runoff has to be controlled. Water that leaks from the bottom of the pot will be somewhat dirty. Commercially made plant pots usually come with drainage dishes, or you can place a pot that has drain holes within an outer container that doesn't - which is both decorative, and good for your plants, since it will add protection from heat and cold for the roots.
The soil can be any potting soil (which will be light and absorbent, generally), but I'd suggest going for something certified organic, since it's anybody's guess what might be in the unregulated products intended for ordinary house plants.
7. Climbing Support - optional
If you are planting peas, or later tomatoes or climbing beans, they'll all need to climb or be supported. The easiest is to plant against an existing fence, but lots of things will work, as long as it's tall enough - 4 or 5 feet at least - and strong enough not to fall over: tomato plants and beans in particular get pretty heavy.
Garden centres have lots of things for this, like purpose-made stakes, "tomato cages", bamboo poles, or wooden lattice. If you already have a wall or fence but it's not readily climbable, just hanging many twine strings from it is enough for peas and beans to climb. Tomatoes you'll have to tie up more because they don't really hang on for themselves.
I know I say this a lot, but: don't worry too much. Try something, and if it doesn't work... just try something else.
Where to Get Things
You can get everything listed here at a garden centre or hardware store.
Seeds are also in most grocery stores, too. Seeds (and later on, seedlings) will be for sale at local farmers markets too. (As mentioned above, I usually get mine from Urban Harvest - they are always at my local farmers market, and they are organic, and they are local, and they have an incredible selection of seeds and seedlings, and they are nice. But there are other good seed people around, too.)
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